5. Health Organization:

The basic unit in health organizations, and commune in rural areas are neighborhoods in cities. (Table: 2 and 3)

Table: 2-China People's Republic Health Organization in the Rural Area



Organization of Layer


Population covered


Health Institutions and Personnel

State or province (all 27 in China)


1-50 Million


n Provincial Hospitals

the Public Health Office

n Sub-Branch Professionals

n the Western and Chinese Medicine Doctor of Public

County (all in China, 2000)


Up to 1 Million




n District hospitals

n Specialist doctors

n the Western and Chinese Medicine Doctor of Public

Commune (in Greater China 27,000)


Up to 60 thousand


Hospital and Health Center or the commune

n the Western and Chinese Medicine Doctor of Public

the nurses, midwives

Production Team (All communard 5-20)


500-3.000


n Health station

n villagers Doctor

n Health Assistant

Production team (Each team in 10-30)


50-300


n villagers Doctor

n Health Assistant

Commune, a social unit in rural areas is self-sufficient. Communard agriculture, industry, trade, land-water protection, education, health, social and economic functions of all kinds, such as the organization is run. As collective property commune members, the government is not. The manufactured goods are the property komünün. Commune, identify and sell goods over the price earnings, at a rate of contribution is distributed among the members. Products outside of the income distribution than is collected in two fonda. These are investment funds and social prosperity. Culture, education, health assistance, job benefits, such as senile and can not see spending, social prosperity of the fund are met.

Table: 3 - in the city in the People's Republic of China Health Management



Organization of Layer


Population covered


Health institutions and personnel

Municipality


Up to 11 Million


the Special Branch and Education Hospital

the Public Health Office

n Sub-Branch Professionals

Region


Up to 900 thousand


n Area Hospitals

with the epidemic of War Central

n Specialist Doctors

Neighborhood


40.000-70.000


Neighborhood Health Center or the hospital

n the Western and Chinese Medicine Doctor of Public

n Assist Doctors

the nurses, midwives

Neighborhood Association


1.000-8.000


n Health Station

Health Workers in the Red

certain hours of the incoming physician

Public Groups


50-100




Communard population is very different. Population of 60,000 is up to the communard. Advanced communard a hospital, a health center is located in less developed communard. These hospitals and health centers in western medicine doctors studied medical and public works. These hospitals, laboratories and x-ray parts to maintain the level of a patient is satisfactory. Each production team and production team communard 5-20 in the production team is 10-30. A production team is usually mapped to a village and includes a population of 50-300. Assist physicians and health workers in these units to the villagers. Services, the station if necessary, and villagers are being carried out at home.

As for the city, district hospitals or health centers in each district are available. The other factory workers in the stations and duties of doctors sub-organization of the district, which covers a population of 1000-8000 in the neighboring units at particular times of day red health workers and health stations are the work of physicians. Health education and public services such as environmental health aspects of conducted in the district covering a population of 50-100 people, the bottom unit of the group. Each group responsible for their health will choose a medical assistant. This will help you organize the business in society.

At higher levels in rural areas, district hospitals and provincial hospitals communard vardır. These are much more advanced and specialized doctors working in sub-branch of the hospital. Cities and regions in the neighborhood over the region after the council has. Hospitals and public health at all levels are flat. Rural areas and upper levels of each hospital in the city will work with lower levels and that levels are responsible for in-service training of employees.

One of the characteristics of Chinese rule, a single organization for a service to society is not found. A service conducted by many organizations will cooperate. For example, health services and health organizations as well as women's federation to be conducted, workers unions, party organizations such as the organizations are also mission. The main task of the Party organizations of various organizations to coordinate services and to bring out misbehaviors. China is an important element of management "service leaders" (Cadre Personnel) dir. China manager, service team leaders to be trained to give great importance. These people are carefully selected and well trained technicians. These technical issues or how to do what can be done very well knows, are very resourceful and dynamic individuals.

Health services to develop the Soviet Union is the example of the health organizations were taken in 1949-1965 typically urban and industrial workers, especially on health services development, outbreaks of the disease to war, in every county west of the hospital-type samples by opening the services to spread to the environment, rural region, with mobile teams to bring services that are . Number of beds in hospitals 90,000 from 700,000 'e was increased.

In this period, the control of health problems for a short time with trained personnel was carried out campaigns of the population participated. One of them, and most importantly, is the campaign to improve environmental health conditions. Other captivity of opium, venereal diseases, prostitution and war campaigns şistozomyazis. China to review written by a Western doctor, the Chinese people won the great success of this campaign. All life allows women to earn their living by working is provided. Result of this campaign to end prostitution in China is over. Venereal (genital) diseases are the root of the starving. New born baby does not stay in Bel frostiness silver nitrate drops in the eyes of the applications have been abandoned.

As environmental health campaigns, the remaining three weeks in China during that time an author sees horn 3 and the other 4 clubs you see in 6 weeks, a third did not see no horn to me. And also a huge narcotics war Şistozomyazis was successful. Narcotics use, and one root Şistozomların kalmamıştır shaven.

In this period, significant achievements gained in the field of health at the beginning of 1960s but has been criticized as a serious health organizations. Criticism is collected in the following points:

a-The priority given to the city but the village could not be taken until the service.

Preventive medicine will be given to the importance of b-to said that in this area and to make some successful applications, the treatment in the field of medical research, training and implementation are given more importance. The merger of Western and Chinese folk medicine and folk medicine the important need to achieve is not important.

c-other countries, the application of the techniques can be adapted to Chinese conditions apply.

d-in management education and persuasion rather than to collective leadership and command must be applied to the way in the classical hierarchical order was established and the road has been doing business with the order.

e-drive instead of the standard to all services that are to be increased.

f-executives serve to establish a close relationship with the person. Opinion studies are considered more valuable body of work.

1965 Chairman Mao, the first movement as a cultural revolution in the health ministry was severely criticized in a way. Give importance to service in rural areas, the training is unnecessarily long, theoretical weight is given to education, preventive medicine, and research on diseases common to the Chairman Mao's criticism is not important. Ministry of Health was distributed during this period, as mentioned above also closed faculties, research published in journals has not been published. During this period, 20,000 doctors working in the city a few years or permanently to work in rural areas is the way. 1600 Number of mobile teams working in rural areas to be removed, one million peasants doctors, three million have been trained medical assistant. Both rural and urban areas in the medical care system, improved coordination and organization of this article described the health organizations have been established.

Finance 6.Sağlık Services:

Necessary for the health spending money in China come from three sources. One of them is to pay the public directly. 2 slots for all of health care (12 lira) gives. Also pays for each service a little. This payment will not prevent use of services is less. The second source, commune and factory are social security funds. This chocolate is usually a hospital for the hospital expenses. The third source, the government's budget is separate from the appropriations for health services. These payments, when required, or special programs to support local organizations, for example, family planning program, to be financed.

Health services costs and the high growth for each country and especially the chops for less developed countries, is a big problem. About the cost of health services in China to specify a number is not possible. However, according to Chinese health management in China the impression of viewing health care spending compared to other countries, and especially as a less than the government is not installed. The reason for this can be collected at three points:

Serving as a focus for services to medical workers and peasants will not make a special payment. They will receive their share of production, such as other friends. A peasant in the medical benefit of the 300 slots (1,800 lira) is. The fees paid to other health personnel to other countries is very low.

b-home and outpatient services and preventive medicine in the treatment is actually given priority.

c-acupuncture and herbs, made from extensive use of folk medicine, the pharmaceutical industry because drug spending is for profit also be running is very low compared to other countries.