In 1973 an American physician who reviewed China, the impression of şöye explains: "Less developed countries immediately noticeable, happy life with the poverty of minorities in the luxury and guarantee people's lives in China, the difference between no. The houses are simple, but the Chinese could sit niteliktedir housing. All have water and electricity. Large and small cities and villages everyone was dressed in the appropriate manner. At first glance, for no one outstanding issue that is not a hunger problem. Author self-question with an attitude is questionable, "But I've seen this only in places like that did you?". China wants to go anywhere author, other authors' observations and open-hearted response to the Chinese to have the following results are based on: "Every place I've seen in my life may not be. However, the real situation is usually the way I see and the former was compared with the much improved. Today, life in China, compared to western countries, the standard is very simple. But people's standard of living, average income per capita of 120 dollars (1,300 USD) compared to the other less developed countries is very high level. "
In China since the liberation of health to determine how the objective is increased, indicating the status of all of China is not about death and birth rates. China Ministry of Health does not collect statistical data for all China, or at least yayınlamamaktadır. However, travel to foreign researchers in the cities and villages to find demographic data for that location. This data, especially in cities in China, death, birth, infant mortality and the mortality is low to be compared to less developed countries, even developed countries can be compared with measurements. For example, in 1971 the birth rate in urban Shanghai in the bin 12, the death rate of 5.2 per mil, infant mortality rate is 8.7 per mil. The other objective criteria to improve the health level of infectious diseases has been wholly under control.
Mother and child health services and health services in the achievement is a metric to reflect the success. Publications in this area can be summarized as follows: Home health as negatively affecting a problem for China is not excessive fertility. 32-33 years old 23 years old and younger who multiparlar young primiparlar is very sparse. Nutrition for pregnant women, mother and fetus in terms of health is adequate. All pregnant women, antenatal care and education are. Her birth, education, carried out by midwives or doctors are peasants. Between 4 and 9 percent of Premature rate varies. Periodic examinations of children of peasant workers by physicians and health is red. BCG at birth to children, two months and three months when I was polio type II and III polio vaccine is made. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine begins third month. Flowers vaccine seventh, eighth month of the measles vaccine is applied. Meningitis and encephalitis B vaccine immunization in Kindergarten also maintained. Full implementation of the immunization program, even the most remote rural areas do not fall below 80 percent. Treatment of acute diseases of children even in the most remote rural areas are made by physicians without delay villagers. Estimated infant mortality rate in China in a thousand 17-20.
Development of school children, compared with the United States an author of children's development, "pre-school children of average height and weight compared to children in the United States is low in the normal limits", especially. Evaluation of health services, health management in China, the World Health Organization experts have reviewed the end result will be in place. This expert report on "China's life a generation open it in time, worn by disease, ignorant, semi-feudal and humane life, just happy to belong to a minority as a country to be free, dynamic, healthy, producers, and community informed all her work to people's participation has become a country "he is.
China's health program can be applied in other less developed countries, did you? Question of the World Health Organization General Assembly in 1973, the Chinese delegation participating in the meeting that the response is: "Our program, is a program that meets our requirements and opportunities. Our program, not other countries, just as we do our own conditions and development opportunities appropriate program can succeed. "
This rule, details of a health program in the right direction, but the principle is not true. Principles of health management in China, health and community development professionals and managers of the less developed countries in the last ten years, the principles are recommended. So what success in the implementation of China managers have demonstrated these principles? must search for an answer to the question. Chinese health authorities have information about a Canadian expert in the broad success of reasons to gather in two groups. The first point, the population of China is top quality. Chinese people are very disciplined. To accomplish the job to them to spend every effort and often members of their social group, other members will serve without expecting any money. This continued for ages in China is a part of culture. Second point, Chinese managers of health services to all socio-economic revolution to address as part of this revolution to be in power really want and are able to do so.
As a result, other less developed countries, China miracle, but this coming together of the two conditions may occur at the rate of blood should be noted.
Friday, March 27, 2009
5. Health Organization:
The basic unit in health organizations, and commune in rural areas are neighborhoods in cities. (Table: 2 and 3)
Table: 2-China People's Republic Health Organization in the Rural Area
Organization of Layer
Population covered
Health Institutions and Personnel
State or province (all 27 in China)
1-50 Million
n Provincial Hospitals
the Public Health Office
n Sub-Branch Professionals
n the Western and Chinese Medicine Doctor of Public
County (all in China, 2000)
Up to 1 Million
n District hospitals
n Specialist doctors
n the Western and Chinese Medicine Doctor of Public
Commune (in Greater China 27,000)
Up to 60 thousand
Hospital and Health Center or the commune
n the Western and Chinese Medicine Doctor of Public
the nurses, midwives
Production Team (All communard 5-20)
500-3.000
n Health station
n villagers Doctor
n Health Assistant
Production team (Each team in 10-30)
50-300
n villagers Doctor
n Health Assistant
Commune, a social unit in rural areas is self-sufficient. Communard agriculture, industry, trade, land-water protection, education, health, social and economic functions of all kinds, such as the organization is run. As collective property commune members, the government is not. The manufactured goods are the property komünün. Commune, identify and sell goods over the price earnings, at a rate of contribution is distributed among the members. Products outside of the income distribution than is collected in two fonda. These are investment funds and social prosperity. Culture, education, health assistance, job benefits, such as senile and can not see spending, social prosperity of the fund are met.
Table: 3 - in the city in the People's Republic of China Health Management
Organization of Layer
Population covered
Health institutions and personnel
Municipality
Up to 11 Million
the Special Branch and Education Hospital
the Public Health Office
n Sub-Branch Professionals
Region
Up to 900 thousand
n Area Hospitals
with the epidemic of War Central
n Specialist Doctors
Neighborhood
40.000-70.000
Neighborhood Health Center or the hospital
n the Western and Chinese Medicine Doctor of Public
n Assist Doctors
the nurses, midwives
Neighborhood Association
1.000-8.000
n Health Station
Health Workers in the Red
certain hours of the incoming physician
Public Groups
50-100
Communard population is very different. Population of 60,000 is up to the communard. Advanced communard a hospital, a health center is located in less developed communard. These hospitals and health centers in western medicine doctors studied medical and public works. These hospitals, laboratories and x-ray parts to maintain the level of a patient is satisfactory. Each production team and production team communard 5-20 in the production team is 10-30. A production team is usually mapped to a village and includes a population of 50-300. Assist physicians and health workers in these units to the villagers. Services, the station if necessary, and villagers are being carried out at home.
As for the city, district hospitals or health centers in each district are available. The other factory workers in the stations and duties of doctors sub-organization of the district, which covers a population of 1000-8000 in the neighboring units at particular times of day red health workers and health stations are the work of physicians. Health education and public services such as environmental health aspects of conducted in the district covering a population of 50-100 people, the bottom unit of the group. Each group responsible for their health will choose a medical assistant. This will help you organize the business in society.
At higher levels in rural areas, district hospitals and provincial hospitals communard vardır. These are much more advanced and specialized doctors working in sub-branch of the hospital. Cities and regions in the neighborhood over the region after the council has. Hospitals and public health at all levels are flat. Rural areas and upper levels of each hospital in the city will work with lower levels and that levels are responsible for in-service training of employees.
One of the characteristics of Chinese rule, a single organization for a service to society is not found. A service conducted by many organizations will cooperate. For example, health services and health organizations as well as women's federation to be conducted, workers unions, party organizations such as the organizations are also mission. The main task of the Party organizations of various organizations to coordinate services and to bring out misbehaviors. China is an important element of management "service leaders" (Cadre Personnel) dir. China manager, service team leaders to be trained to give great importance. These people are carefully selected and well trained technicians. These technical issues or how to do what can be done very well knows, are very resourceful and dynamic individuals.
Health services to develop the Soviet Union is the example of the health organizations were taken in 1949-1965 typically urban and industrial workers, especially on health services development, outbreaks of the disease to war, in every county west of the hospital-type samples by opening the services to spread to the environment, rural region, with mobile teams to bring services that are . Number of beds in hospitals 90,000 from 700,000 'e was increased.
In this period, the control of health problems for a short time with trained personnel was carried out campaigns of the population participated. One of them, and most importantly, is the campaign to improve environmental health conditions. Other captivity of opium, venereal diseases, prostitution and war campaigns şistozomyazis. China to review written by a Western doctor, the Chinese people won the great success of this campaign. All life allows women to earn their living by working is provided. Result of this campaign to end prostitution in China is over. Venereal (genital) diseases are the root of the starving. New born baby does not stay in Bel frostiness silver nitrate drops in the eyes of the applications have been abandoned.
As environmental health campaigns, the remaining three weeks in China during that time an author sees horn 3 and the other 4 clubs you see in 6 weeks, a third did not see no horn to me. And also a huge narcotics war Şistozomyazis was successful. Narcotics use, and one root Şistozomların kalmamıştır shaven.
In this period, significant achievements gained in the field of health at the beginning of 1960s but has been criticized as a serious health organizations. Criticism is collected in the following points:
a-The priority given to the city but the village could not be taken until the service.
Preventive medicine will be given to the importance of b-to said that in this area and to make some successful applications, the treatment in the field of medical research, training and implementation are given more importance. The merger of Western and Chinese folk medicine and folk medicine the important need to achieve is not important.
c-other countries, the application of the techniques can be adapted to Chinese conditions apply.
d-in management education and persuasion rather than to collective leadership and command must be applied to the way in the classical hierarchical order was established and the road has been doing business with the order.
e-drive instead of the standard to all services that are to be increased.
f-executives serve to establish a close relationship with the person. Opinion studies are considered more valuable body of work.
1965 Chairman Mao, the first movement as a cultural revolution in the health ministry was severely criticized in a way. Give importance to service in rural areas, the training is unnecessarily long, theoretical weight is given to education, preventive medicine, and research on diseases common to the Chairman Mao's criticism is not important. Ministry of Health was distributed during this period, as mentioned above also closed faculties, research published in journals has not been published. During this period, 20,000 doctors working in the city a few years or permanently to work in rural areas is the way. 1600 Number of mobile teams working in rural areas to be removed, one million peasants doctors, three million have been trained medical assistant. Both rural and urban areas in the medical care system, improved coordination and organization of this article described the health organizations have been established.
Finance 6.Sağlık Services:
Necessary for the health spending money in China come from three sources. One of them is to pay the public directly. 2 slots for all of health care (12 lira) gives. Also pays for each service a little. This payment will not prevent use of services is less. The second source, commune and factory are social security funds. This chocolate is usually a hospital for the hospital expenses. The third source, the government's budget is separate from the appropriations for health services. These payments, when required, or special programs to support local organizations, for example, family planning program, to be financed.
Health services costs and the high growth for each country and especially the chops for less developed countries, is a big problem. About the cost of health services in China to specify a number is not possible. However, according to Chinese health management in China the impression of viewing health care spending compared to other countries, and especially as a less than the government is not installed. The reason for this can be collected at three points:
Serving as a focus for services to medical workers and peasants will not make a special payment. They will receive their share of production, such as other friends. A peasant in the medical benefit of the 300 slots (1,800 lira) is. The fees paid to other health personnel to other countries is very low.
b-home and outpatient services and preventive medicine in the treatment is actually given priority.
c-acupuncture and herbs, made from extensive use of folk medicine, the pharmaceutical industry because drug spending is for profit also be running is very low compared to other countries.
Table: 2-China People's Republic Health Organization in the Rural Area
Organization of Layer
Population covered
Health Institutions and Personnel
State or province (all 27 in China)
1-50 Million
n Provincial Hospitals
the Public Health Office
n Sub-Branch Professionals
n the Western and Chinese Medicine Doctor of Public
County (all in China, 2000)
Up to 1 Million
n District hospitals
n Specialist doctors
n the Western and Chinese Medicine Doctor of Public
Commune (in Greater China 27,000)
Up to 60 thousand
Hospital and Health Center or the commune
n the Western and Chinese Medicine Doctor of Public
the nurses, midwives
Production Team (All communard 5-20)
500-3.000
n Health station
n villagers Doctor
n Health Assistant
Production team (Each team in 10-30)
50-300
n villagers Doctor
n Health Assistant
Commune, a social unit in rural areas is self-sufficient. Communard agriculture, industry, trade, land-water protection, education, health, social and economic functions of all kinds, such as the organization is run. As collective property commune members, the government is not. The manufactured goods are the property komünün. Commune, identify and sell goods over the price earnings, at a rate of contribution is distributed among the members. Products outside of the income distribution than is collected in two fonda. These are investment funds and social prosperity. Culture, education, health assistance, job benefits, such as senile and can not see spending, social prosperity of the fund are met.
Table: 3 - in the city in the People's Republic of China Health Management
Organization of Layer
Population covered
Health institutions and personnel
Municipality
Up to 11 Million
the Special Branch and Education Hospital
the Public Health Office
n Sub-Branch Professionals
Region
Up to 900 thousand
n Area Hospitals
with the epidemic of War Central
n Specialist Doctors
Neighborhood
40.000-70.000
Neighborhood Health Center or the hospital
n the Western and Chinese Medicine Doctor of Public
n Assist Doctors
the nurses, midwives
Neighborhood Association
1.000-8.000
n Health Station
Health Workers in the Red
certain hours of the incoming physician
Public Groups
50-100
Communard population is very different. Population of 60,000 is up to the communard. Advanced communard a hospital, a health center is located in less developed communard. These hospitals and health centers in western medicine doctors studied medical and public works. These hospitals, laboratories and x-ray parts to maintain the level of a patient is satisfactory. Each production team and production team communard 5-20 in the production team is 10-30. A production team is usually mapped to a village and includes a population of 50-300. Assist physicians and health workers in these units to the villagers. Services, the station if necessary, and villagers are being carried out at home.
As for the city, district hospitals or health centers in each district are available. The other factory workers in the stations and duties of doctors sub-organization of the district, which covers a population of 1000-8000 in the neighboring units at particular times of day red health workers and health stations are the work of physicians. Health education and public services such as environmental health aspects of conducted in the district covering a population of 50-100 people, the bottom unit of the group. Each group responsible for their health will choose a medical assistant. This will help you organize the business in society.
At higher levels in rural areas, district hospitals and provincial hospitals communard vardır. These are much more advanced and specialized doctors working in sub-branch of the hospital. Cities and regions in the neighborhood over the region after the council has. Hospitals and public health at all levels are flat. Rural areas and upper levels of each hospital in the city will work with lower levels and that levels are responsible for in-service training of employees.
One of the characteristics of Chinese rule, a single organization for a service to society is not found. A service conducted by many organizations will cooperate. For example, health services and health organizations as well as women's federation to be conducted, workers unions, party organizations such as the organizations are also mission. The main task of the Party organizations of various organizations to coordinate services and to bring out misbehaviors. China is an important element of management "service leaders" (Cadre Personnel) dir. China manager, service team leaders to be trained to give great importance. These people are carefully selected and well trained technicians. These technical issues or how to do what can be done very well knows, are very resourceful and dynamic individuals.
Health services to develop the Soviet Union is the example of the health organizations were taken in 1949-1965 typically urban and industrial workers, especially on health services development, outbreaks of the disease to war, in every county west of the hospital-type samples by opening the services to spread to the environment, rural region, with mobile teams to bring services that are . Number of beds in hospitals 90,000 from 700,000 'e was increased.
In this period, the control of health problems for a short time with trained personnel was carried out campaigns of the population participated. One of them, and most importantly, is the campaign to improve environmental health conditions. Other captivity of opium, venereal diseases, prostitution and war campaigns şistozomyazis. China to review written by a Western doctor, the Chinese people won the great success of this campaign. All life allows women to earn their living by working is provided. Result of this campaign to end prostitution in China is over. Venereal (genital) diseases are the root of the starving. New born baby does not stay in Bel frostiness silver nitrate drops in the eyes of the applications have been abandoned.
As environmental health campaigns, the remaining three weeks in China during that time an author sees horn 3 and the other 4 clubs you see in 6 weeks, a third did not see no horn to me. And also a huge narcotics war Şistozomyazis was successful. Narcotics use, and one root Şistozomların kalmamıştır shaven.
In this period, significant achievements gained in the field of health at the beginning of 1960s but has been criticized as a serious health organizations. Criticism is collected in the following points:
a-The priority given to the city but the village could not be taken until the service.
Preventive medicine will be given to the importance of b-to said that in this area and to make some successful applications, the treatment in the field of medical research, training and implementation are given more importance. The merger of Western and Chinese folk medicine and folk medicine the important need to achieve is not important.
c-other countries, the application of the techniques can be adapted to Chinese conditions apply.
d-in management education and persuasion rather than to collective leadership and command must be applied to the way in the classical hierarchical order was established and the road has been doing business with the order.
e-drive instead of the standard to all services that are to be increased.
f-executives serve to establish a close relationship with the person. Opinion studies are considered more valuable body of work.
1965 Chairman Mao, the first movement as a cultural revolution in the health ministry was severely criticized in a way. Give importance to service in rural areas, the training is unnecessarily long, theoretical weight is given to education, preventive medicine, and research on diseases common to the Chairman Mao's criticism is not important. Ministry of Health was distributed during this period, as mentioned above also closed faculties, research published in journals has not been published. During this period, 20,000 doctors working in the city a few years or permanently to work in rural areas is the way. 1600 Number of mobile teams working in rural areas to be removed, one million peasants doctors, three million have been trained medical assistant. Both rural and urban areas in the medical care system, improved coordination and organization of this article described the health organizations have been established.
Finance 6.Sağlık Services:
Necessary for the health spending money in China come from three sources. One of them is to pay the public directly. 2 slots for all of health care (12 lira) gives. Also pays for each service a little. This payment will not prevent use of services is less. The second source, commune and factory are social security funds. This chocolate is usually a hospital for the hospital expenses. The third source, the government's budget is separate from the appropriations for health services. These payments, when required, or special programs to support local organizations, for example, family planning program, to be financed.
Health services costs and the high growth for each country and especially the chops for less developed countries, is a big problem. About the cost of health services in China to specify a number is not possible. However, according to Chinese health management in China the impression of viewing health care spending compared to other countries, and especially as a less than the government is not installed. The reason for this can be collected at three points:
Serving as a focus for services to medical workers and peasants will not make a special payment. They will receive their share of production, such as other friends. A peasant in the medical benefit of the 300 slots (1,800 lira) is. The fees paid to other health personnel to other countries is very low.
b-home and outpatient services and preventive medicine in the treatment is actually given priority.
c-acupuncture and herbs, made from extensive use of folk medicine, the pharmaceutical industry because drug spending is for profit also be running is very low compared to other countries.
4. Health manpower:
Health services staff in China Table: 1 shows:
Table: 1 - Health Personnel in the People's Republic of China
Full Day Staff Personnel
Employees as Additional Services
In his spare time to voluntary work
Top Layer
Peasants Physicians
Health assistants
Doctor of Western medicine
Workers Physicians
Stomatologlar
Red health workers
Farmakolog the
Doctor of Chinese folk medicine
Middle layer
Medical Assistant
Nurses
Midwives
Pharmacists
Technicians
Missionaries in China, the western type of medicine was founded by training and has been developed. 1950, the number of doctors trained in western-type was in the neighborhood of 20,000. "Liberation" after the definition of health personnel trained in the Soviet model was applied. For adults to educate faculty physicians, child health and illness for the medical faculty and public health physician is trained to educate faculty was established. Besides, helping the school was founded to educate physicians. Over the period 1949-1960, these examples are too many doctors trying to educate. Number of physicians in this period 20,000 of 150,000 e, 170,000 Number of physician assistant 'e, 185,000 Number of nurses' e, the number of midwives 40.000' e was increased. Despite this increase is very important, the number of health staff to meet China's needs were so far away.
In 1957-1959 "Great Forward roll" movement is the start of a new personnel policy, needs to be resolved at local level is seen arandığı way. "The villagers Doctor" or "barefoot doctors" and begin to educate physicians, called the people to be doctors and mobile teams of health organizations to increase the occurrence of this period.
With the start of the 1965 cultural revolution, culture and health personnel working in the policy change has been great. Between the years 1965-1971 have been closed and faculty members of medical schools within the framework of a specific program in rural areas are 1-2 years. The goal is, to many people's needs, occupational problem for China's realities of the faculty members and students to enable them to see that China's health problems has been to decode grow. In 1971 with emphasis on practical training in medical school and 3-4 years in re-education has begun a program to educate physicians. This recovery of the profession of medicine (deprofessionalization) action is called. Three-year medical school in the first 4 months of basic medical sciences are taught, then rural areas in the health center to students master-apprentice method clinical and preventive medicine training is done in the second year training conducted in hospitals, the third year in the rural areas, health centers continues.
Selection method has been changed to medical school students. Each end of secondary education for at least three years younger in rural areas must work in production was adopted. Want to be the end of this period, and a young doctor working in the production team or a team of farmers, their higher education they choose for this young, doctors are able to enter medical school. Chance to enter medical school, doctors in villages and factories and working as a peasant or worker who is higher. Administrators, according to a person's physician to be intelligent and knowledgeable is not a student, loved by the people and believe that the one is important.
Against doctors in China needs to the most original and successful approach in the application peasants, workers and housewives from the selected service to the people who grow medicine. "The villagers Doctor" or "barefoot doctors," he called it, people say they are farmers or workers, health services need to work out when to make health services. A separate charge for this service they do not, they have worked in the fields or the payment is made at the factory. 8-10 years, more than a million villagers have been trained doctors. Today, the doctors have been the backbone of China Health Management.
In 1973 the World Health Organization General Assembly, a peasant doctor participate in technical discussions, Meng Ching-yu, tasks are summarized as follows:
(1) Most of the thirty-disease treatment,
(2) First aid and minor surgery,
(3) Birth assistance,
(4) Physician's recommendation in accordance with the treatment of chronic patients at home,
(5) to carry out immunization services,
(6) Environmental health services to educate people and to carry out initial checks for these services to
(7) Herbs for medicines and folk medicine to prepare
(8) Acupuncture,
(9) Ring to teach the rules of personal hygiene,
(10) to make family planning education and practice,
(11) Ana-child health services to conduct,
(12) Doctors and hospitals require treatment by selecting the facts, health centers and hospitals to send.
The villagers are not standard medical education programs. Every place and every person or even a specific application is made. The issues are common, villagers trained in health services to be selected from amongst the villagers of the winter production done when the commune hospitals, health centers or for mobile team up 3-6 months after training back to the village and learn how and what can do it in the village of application. While working in the village hospital and health center serving the region in cooperation with physicians and continuing education services are at the very beginning. Knowledge and skills of doctors a few years, villagers in the winter months the hospital, health center or execution by the mobile teams is increasing.
These physicians to learn about what is taught them in the handbook topics Supplement: 1, and the use of drugs and supplies Supplement: 2 is presented. Of this list of books and the need for China is not standard, as mentioned above, in each place where it should be noted that applications are different from each other.
Such a training program will be directed to the first criticism, 3-4 month short-term education of a peasant, peasants, and doctors said Meng Ching-yu'nun how to do things mentioned above expected. This is the response: "3-4 months in the field of health education, all of a peasant can not do this job. Most times you can also make mistakes. However, the village will do something useful and accurate. Before that, he made nothing in the field of health is not in the village must not be forgotten. So this barefoot doctors, to develop health services in the village, would be more useful in 3-4 years. To understand the philosophy of health managers in China, think about this answer, and it must be evaluated. Çin'li desired for administrators, not the best to do a useful thing to do.
Peasants in villages where work of physicians in cities "Workers doctors" or "Health Workers for the Red" is. These factory workers, or are selected from among housewives. Peasants in rural areas than doctors in the health personnel are available. These are health and assist in the supervision of doctor services will see the villagers. These people are volunteers who work outside of business hours.
Chinese managers, the number of 500,000 'i find that people always have to take advantage of the doctor and ask them to teach techniques of western medicine have. In the period 1949-1965 have been working in this direction is the achievement after the start of the 1965 cultural revolution has been made. Currently, schools in China teach western medicine among the public schools are taught medicine. Public access to physicians in solo off from the direction of medical personnel is not clear, especially in rural areas, increasing public trust in health services has been effective. Because people trust doctors and the people know is that the villagers.
Table: 1 - Health Personnel in the People's Republic of China
Full Day Staff Personnel
Employees as Additional Services
In his spare time to voluntary work
Top Layer
Peasants Physicians
Health assistants
Doctor of Western medicine
Workers Physicians
Stomatologlar
Red health workers
Farmakolog the
Doctor of Chinese folk medicine
Middle layer
Medical Assistant
Nurses
Midwives
Pharmacists
Technicians
Missionaries in China, the western type of medicine was founded by training and has been developed. 1950, the number of doctors trained in western-type was in the neighborhood of 20,000. "Liberation" after the definition of health personnel trained in the Soviet model was applied. For adults to educate faculty physicians, child health and illness for the medical faculty and public health physician is trained to educate faculty was established. Besides, helping the school was founded to educate physicians. Over the period 1949-1960, these examples are too many doctors trying to educate. Number of physicians in this period 20,000 of 150,000 e, 170,000 Number of physician assistant 'e, 185,000 Number of nurses' e, the number of midwives 40.000' e was increased. Despite this increase is very important, the number of health staff to meet China's needs were so far away.
In 1957-1959 "Great Forward roll" movement is the start of a new personnel policy, needs to be resolved at local level is seen arandığı way. "The villagers Doctor" or "barefoot doctors" and begin to educate physicians, called the people to be doctors and mobile teams of health organizations to increase the occurrence of this period.
With the start of the 1965 cultural revolution, culture and health personnel working in the policy change has been great. Between the years 1965-1971 have been closed and faculty members of medical schools within the framework of a specific program in rural areas are 1-2 years. The goal is, to many people's needs, occupational problem for China's realities of the faculty members and students to enable them to see that China's health problems has been to decode grow. In 1971 with emphasis on practical training in medical school and 3-4 years in re-education has begun a program to educate physicians. This recovery of the profession of medicine (deprofessionalization) action is called. Three-year medical school in the first 4 months of basic medical sciences are taught, then rural areas in the health center to students master-apprentice method clinical and preventive medicine training is done in the second year training conducted in hospitals, the third year in the rural areas, health centers continues.
Selection method has been changed to medical school students. Each end of secondary education for at least three years younger in rural areas must work in production was adopted. Want to be the end of this period, and a young doctor working in the production team or a team of farmers, their higher education they choose for this young, doctors are able to enter medical school. Chance to enter medical school, doctors in villages and factories and working as a peasant or worker who is higher. Administrators, according to a person's physician to be intelligent and knowledgeable is not a student, loved by the people and believe that the one is important.
Against doctors in China needs to the most original and successful approach in the application peasants, workers and housewives from the selected service to the people who grow medicine. "The villagers Doctor" or "barefoot doctors," he called it, people say they are farmers or workers, health services need to work out when to make health services. A separate charge for this service they do not, they have worked in the fields or the payment is made at the factory. 8-10 years, more than a million villagers have been trained doctors. Today, the doctors have been the backbone of China Health Management.
In 1973 the World Health Organization General Assembly, a peasant doctor participate in technical discussions, Meng Ching-yu, tasks are summarized as follows:
(1) Most of the thirty-disease treatment,
(2) First aid and minor surgery,
(3) Birth assistance,
(4) Physician's recommendation in accordance with the treatment of chronic patients at home,
(5) to carry out immunization services,
(6) Environmental health services to educate people and to carry out initial checks for these services to
(7) Herbs for medicines and folk medicine to prepare
(8) Acupuncture,
(9) Ring to teach the rules of personal hygiene,
(10) to make family planning education and practice,
(11) Ana-child health services to conduct,
(12) Doctors and hospitals require treatment by selecting the facts, health centers and hospitals to send.
The villagers are not standard medical education programs. Every place and every person or even a specific application is made. The issues are common, villagers trained in health services to be selected from amongst the villagers of the winter production done when the commune hospitals, health centers or for mobile team up 3-6 months after training back to the village and learn how and what can do it in the village of application. While working in the village hospital and health center serving the region in cooperation with physicians and continuing education services are at the very beginning. Knowledge and skills of doctors a few years, villagers in the winter months the hospital, health center or execution by the mobile teams is increasing.
These physicians to learn about what is taught them in the handbook topics Supplement: 1, and the use of drugs and supplies Supplement: 2 is presented. Of this list of books and the need for China is not standard, as mentioned above, in each place where it should be noted that applications are different from each other.
Such a training program will be directed to the first criticism, 3-4 month short-term education of a peasant, peasants, and doctors said Meng Ching-yu'nun how to do things mentioned above expected. This is the response: "3-4 months in the field of health education, all of a peasant can not do this job. Most times you can also make mistakes. However, the village will do something useful and accurate. Before that, he made nothing in the field of health is not in the village must not be forgotten. So this barefoot doctors, to develop health services in the village, would be more useful in 3-4 years. To understand the philosophy of health managers in China, think about this answer, and it must be evaluated. Çin'li desired for administrators, not the best to do a useful thing to do.
Peasants in villages where work of physicians in cities "Workers doctors" or "Health Workers for the Red" is. These factory workers, or are selected from among housewives. Peasants in rural areas than doctors in the health personnel are available. These are health and assist in the supervision of doctor services will see the villagers. These people are volunteers who work outside of business hours.
Chinese managers, the number of 500,000 'i find that people always have to take advantage of the doctor and ask them to teach techniques of western medicine have. In the period 1949-1965 have been working in this direction is the achievement after the start of the 1965 cultural revolution has been made. Currently, schools in China teach western medicine among the public schools are taught medicine. Public access to physicians in solo off from the direction of medical personnel is not clear, especially in rural areas, increasing public trust in health services has been effective. Because people trust doctors and the people know is that the villagers.
In the People's Republic of China Health Management *
1.Introduction:
Less developed countries can not solve the problems of the health level of the country and everyone take health services. The reason for this failure of the health manpower and the inadequacy of economic power with nutrition, positive environment and relationship education with strict conditions, such as health there is also be changed. People's Republic of China, the least developed countries, such as between 10-15 years in a short time the country's health level is the only country that can bring services to everyone. This is the review of maintenance management and success of China health reasons saptanması is very useful for other less developed countries.
2.Eski China:
Republic of China in the field of health development to evaluate, "Independence" tan (Chinese in China, feudal and capitalist order to put an end to the "Salvation" is also. Western authors found that the incident with the same term to define.) Previous to the recall and to develop general socio - -economic framework to examine the benefits and there is no obligation. China is viewing the authors explained the old China "in China are often drought, floods and disasters such as typhoon, people will starve to death was convicted. Murder for a handful of rice in this period, not to die of hunger, eating human flesh was normal. "Natural disasters in the period to buy food for families sell their children or die. Scarcity periods often seen outside the big epidemic, and as long hiperandemik infection and parasitic diseases in the community would continue to erode. "Opium habit and prostitution in big cities, China's largest of the social and medical problems. In old China, especially the urban mess is indicated by a word: terrible. "Immediately after the liberation in China, in 1950, health services, but in cities and had a very limited extent. Population of 600 million are on the medical service in China including the number of trained health personnel was 32,000. Physician / population ratio was one to 25,000. "
Levels Affecting Health of China to 3.Çağdaş Development Management Policy:
Related to health management and health in China, the important principles of general management are:
a-The first priority should be given to the public the services. This principle is the philosophy of Mao Tse-Tung'un basis. As with all services in the health services is an important principle.
b-discuss and criticize the people in their own services should develop. This policy of the 1920s Mao Tse-Tung and friends have established China's northern province of management Kiangsi'de has not changed since. Chairman Mao, workers and farmers are required to solve their own problems, but to the government's own guidance, and some may make the necessary help.
China Administrators, the role of people in development countries are mentioned in the following way: Information from lethargic to win half of the people must awaken, their power to use them for upgrades and recovery encouraged. If the people in decision-making process takes place, new things to gain the courage to do, be an interest in government affairs, criticized the attempt to find the truth and doing superstitious side at a revolution of society and if the potential leap forward like a volcano explodes.
c-immediately after China's establishment, in 1950, collected the National Health Committee, health management has been identified the following principles:
(1) Workers, peasants and soldiers in the service should be given priority,
(2) should be given priority to the protection,
(3) Western medicine and Chinese medicine for the people must be united,
(4) Public health services should be applied to mass movement.
Implementation services to the mass movement implied, that all the people all the different ways people affect the right of management support and the problem is resolved with the administration of the public. These campaigns "for home health movement" name is given. First of this campaign, to bring the environment into a positive situation in 1952 has launched the campaign. Objectives, cities and villages and drinking water to prevent mixing with the faeces, housefly, mosquitoes, and rats destroy the wood to dry.
d-for each service by itself should be sufficient in China. These principles, particularly in 1966 when the Soviet Union to help China cut and often repeated after withdrawal of technical personnel and a policy has been given much importance.
e-as in all social policy, health policy to achieve success in the implementation of the following three conditions are:
(1) Government organization, applicable policies to understand the people in the unit to the point of contact with the same understanding and knowledge that can spread in nature, should be
(2) Policy for the implementation of the necessary facilities should be provided,
(3) Implementation of the policy community or cultural values should not be contrary to the very values of society in the direction of changing this policy must be provided through training.
f-with people who serve the public should minimize the social distance. These principles, the principles of Chinese managers are very important. People, especially the peasants and the urban-social distance between the two to minimize the application has started "" From down here, "and" Nagorno and rural area to the task to Go "campaign. "From below" campaign, administration officials at high levels for some time further down there are being assigned to jobs away from people trying to prevent managers are derived. Another application of this campaign, while the body shape everyone is making craftsmanship. "" Dağlık and rural area to the task to Go "campaign to finish primary and secondary education of young people who go to rural areas as required and there are at least three years work. At the end of this period, they work with high school students to see the villagers they deem suitable to return to the city and sees higher education. 40 million young people between the years 1955-1965 went to rural areas. The purpose of this campaign, these young people to teach literacy to peasants, agriculture and other services to assist in the development of peasant and urban youth with Chairman Mao's words, by re-educating villagers.
g-city to be the front. China's social policies to facilitate the city is one of prevention. This application is the application of measures for each household over the exact placement saptanması anyone without permission from the government replaced the. Furthermore, those who have migrated to urban villages to return to the rural areas "where he was born and returned to join the production" campaign is being carried out.
h-management should be desantralize. Management is one of the most important principles Desantralizasyon China. 800 million population is 200 people in the work of the Ministry of Health in China, gives a good idea of desantralizasyonun width. How a business being conducted, what will be the standard, including the smallest administrative unit is determined by. Therefore, except for general principles applied in China is impossible to make generalizations about.
i-Bürokratizm should fight. Especially during the 1965 revolution, the culture war against bürokratizme opened. Command to (comandism) to remove and replace "Kollektif Leadership" and "Education and the Order Trust" has been given the importance of the establishment. Collective leadership, a service workers of all persons involved in decisions execution means.
j-priority should be given to rural Bölgeninin the resolution of health problems. Chairman Mao's Cultural Revolution in 1965 in this policy assert that is a policy.
k-Population growth must be controlled. According to China's population policy, terms of population growth are identified as acceleration or deceleration. However, the general policy to stabilize China's population has been directed to. Acceleration of population growth and population policy for ethnic minorities in areas where very little is being implemented. Pronatalist population policy is applied, very small proportion compared to antinatalist policy is applied. Reducing population growth policies among the countries of the profit to be China's most successful countries must be specified. Chinese population policies "Late, Seyrek and small as to indicate. "Late" to delay the age of marriage, "Rarely", birth spacing and the extension of the "small", not more than two means have children. The control of fertility on the family has a heavy social pressure. Late marriage has become a fashion. Neighborhood children have more than two women who are dispraise and find it embarrassing. Married women who are going to do and how many children they will bear when they are already designed and discussed with women in the same place when the unit is determined to deliver. Remaining outside of the time pregnant women identify the children are decreasing.
"To save women's" movement also plays an important role in fertility control: women's rescue, the People's Republic of China and a large fastidiousness implementation managers believe is a revolution. Married a girl in the old Chinese culture, and the brother of the father, married woman, her husband and a woman or widow, her son is also used to overpower. A married woman, her husband and the husband or the good of the family do have to accept everything that was bad. Had no right to ask for divorce. First important step in the recognition of women's rights adopted in 1950 the age of marriage. However, the Chinese managers of production and work of women as men participate in housework and taking the equality of the extent of the right to reduce the time to know and you are trying to provide.
Less developed countries can not solve the problems of the health level of the country and everyone take health services. The reason for this failure of the health manpower and the inadequacy of economic power with nutrition, positive environment and relationship education with strict conditions, such as health there is also be changed. People's Republic of China, the least developed countries, such as between 10-15 years in a short time the country's health level is the only country that can bring services to everyone. This is the review of maintenance management and success of China health reasons saptanması is very useful for other less developed countries.
2.Eski China:
Republic of China in the field of health development to evaluate, "Independence" tan (Chinese in China, feudal and capitalist order to put an end to the "Salvation" is also. Western authors found that the incident with the same term to define.) Previous to the recall and to develop general socio - -economic framework to examine the benefits and there is no obligation. China is viewing the authors explained the old China "in China are often drought, floods and disasters such as typhoon, people will starve to death was convicted. Murder for a handful of rice in this period, not to die of hunger, eating human flesh was normal. "Natural disasters in the period to buy food for families sell their children or die. Scarcity periods often seen outside the big epidemic, and as long hiperandemik infection and parasitic diseases in the community would continue to erode. "Opium habit and prostitution in big cities, China's largest of the social and medical problems. In old China, especially the urban mess is indicated by a word: terrible. "Immediately after the liberation in China, in 1950, health services, but in cities and had a very limited extent. Population of 600 million are on the medical service in China including the number of trained health personnel was 32,000. Physician / population ratio was one to 25,000. "
Levels Affecting Health of China to 3.Çağdaş Development Management Policy:
Related to health management and health in China, the important principles of general management are:
a-The first priority should be given to the public the services. This principle is the philosophy of Mao Tse-Tung'un basis. As with all services in the health services is an important principle.
b-discuss and criticize the people in their own services should develop. This policy of the 1920s Mao Tse-Tung and friends have established China's northern province of management Kiangsi'de has not changed since. Chairman Mao, workers and farmers are required to solve their own problems, but to the government's own guidance, and some may make the necessary help.
China Administrators, the role of people in development countries are mentioned in the following way: Information from lethargic to win half of the people must awaken, their power to use them for upgrades and recovery encouraged. If the people in decision-making process takes place, new things to gain the courage to do, be an interest in government affairs, criticized the attempt to find the truth and doing superstitious side at a revolution of society and if the potential leap forward like a volcano explodes.
c-immediately after China's establishment, in 1950, collected the National Health Committee, health management has been identified the following principles:
(1) Workers, peasants and soldiers in the service should be given priority,
(2) should be given priority to the protection,
(3) Western medicine and Chinese medicine for the people must be united,
(4) Public health services should be applied to mass movement.
Implementation services to the mass movement implied, that all the people all the different ways people affect the right of management support and the problem is resolved with the administration of the public. These campaigns "for home health movement" name is given. First of this campaign, to bring the environment into a positive situation in 1952 has launched the campaign. Objectives, cities and villages and drinking water to prevent mixing with the faeces, housefly, mosquitoes, and rats destroy the wood to dry.
d-for each service by itself should be sufficient in China. These principles, particularly in 1966 when the Soviet Union to help China cut and often repeated after withdrawal of technical personnel and a policy has been given much importance.
e-as in all social policy, health policy to achieve success in the implementation of the following three conditions are:
(1) Government organization, applicable policies to understand the people in the unit to the point of contact with the same understanding and knowledge that can spread in nature, should be
(2) Policy for the implementation of the necessary facilities should be provided,
(3) Implementation of the policy community or cultural values should not be contrary to the very values of society in the direction of changing this policy must be provided through training.
f-with people who serve the public should minimize the social distance. These principles, the principles of Chinese managers are very important. People, especially the peasants and the urban-social distance between the two to minimize the application has started "" From down here, "and" Nagorno and rural area to the task to Go "campaign. "From below" campaign, administration officials at high levels for some time further down there are being assigned to jobs away from people trying to prevent managers are derived. Another application of this campaign, while the body shape everyone is making craftsmanship. "" Dağlık and rural area to the task to Go "campaign to finish primary and secondary education of young people who go to rural areas as required and there are at least three years work. At the end of this period, they work with high school students to see the villagers they deem suitable to return to the city and sees higher education. 40 million young people between the years 1955-1965 went to rural areas. The purpose of this campaign, these young people to teach literacy to peasants, agriculture and other services to assist in the development of peasant and urban youth with Chairman Mao's words, by re-educating villagers.
g-city to be the front. China's social policies to facilitate the city is one of prevention. This application is the application of measures for each household over the exact placement saptanması anyone without permission from the government replaced the. Furthermore, those who have migrated to urban villages to return to the rural areas "where he was born and returned to join the production" campaign is being carried out.
h-management should be desantralize. Management is one of the most important principles Desantralizasyon China. 800 million population is 200 people in the work of the Ministry of Health in China, gives a good idea of desantralizasyonun width. How a business being conducted, what will be the standard, including the smallest administrative unit is determined by. Therefore, except for general principles applied in China is impossible to make generalizations about.
i-Bürokratizm should fight. Especially during the 1965 revolution, the culture war against bürokratizme opened. Command to (comandism) to remove and replace "Kollektif Leadership" and "Education and the Order Trust" has been given the importance of the establishment. Collective leadership, a service workers of all persons involved in decisions execution means.
j-priority should be given to rural Bölgeninin the resolution of health problems. Chairman Mao's Cultural Revolution in 1965 in this policy assert that is a policy.
k-Population growth must be controlled. According to China's population policy, terms of population growth are identified as acceleration or deceleration. However, the general policy to stabilize China's population has been directed to. Acceleration of population growth and population policy for ethnic minorities in areas where very little is being implemented. Pronatalist population policy is applied, very small proportion compared to antinatalist policy is applied. Reducing population growth policies among the countries of the profit to be China's most successful countries must be specified. Chinese population policies "Late, Seyrek and small as to indicate. "Late" to delay the age of marriage, "Rarely", birth spacing and the extension of the "small", not more than two means have children. The control of fertility on the family has a heavy social pressure. Late marriage has become a fashion. Neighborhood children have more than two women who are dispraise and find it embarrassing. Married women who are going to do and how many children they will bear when they are already designed and discussed with women in the same place when the unit is determined to deliver. Remaining outside of the time pregnant women identify the children are decreasing.
"To save women's" movement also plays an important role in fertility control: women's rescue, the People's Republic of China and a large fastidiousness implementation managers believe is a revolution. Married a girl in the old Chinese culture, and the brother of the father, married woman, her husband and a woman or widow, her son is also used to overpower. A married woman, her husband and the husband or the good of the family do have to accept everything that was bad. Had no right to ask for divorce. First important step in the recognition of women's rights adopted in 1950 the age of marriage. However, the Chinese managers of production and work of women as men participate in housework and taking the equality of the extent of the right to reduce the time to know and you are trying to provide.
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